PPIAF’s work involves developing enabling environments, providing project cycle related assistance, and capacity and awareness building. This advisory work is in the early stages of the project cycle, and thus many of these activities do not immediately lead to visible outcomes, let alone impacts. Attributing the associated results of a particular infrastructure project directly and exclusively to PPIAF’s intervention is difficult because other causal factors are usually involved. Since PPIAF's interventions normally occur early in the project cycle, it is often many years before any physical infrastructure services are finally available and the "impact" of PPIAF's intervention is realized.

Monitoring and evaluating the results of PPIAF-funded activities is crucial to the success of the program. PPIAF has developed standard definitions and categories of its output and outcome indicators for both PPIAF and SNTA activities to more accurately track their results and thoroughly document the causal chain from outputs to outcomes to impacts.  This new methodology is explained here.